by Kenneth Hellevang, Ph.D., PE, Extension Engineer, North Dakota State University
The drastic outdoor cooling that has occurred may create some grain storage and drying problems. Dr. Ken Hellevang, Extension Engineer at North Dakota State University, answers several questions that he received in the paragraphs below. The questions are italicized and his answers immediately follow.
"With the sudden change in air temps, what is the best management strategy for running aeration fans on bins to cool grain without freezing the bin?"
The kernels will not freeze together if the corn moisture content is below 24%. There is extensive experience with cooling corn to well below freezing and the corn still being able to flow normally. The acceptable moisture content decreases with more foreign material in the corn. I recommend that corn moisture be less than 24% to hold it until outdoor temperatures are above freezing and at or below 21% to hold corn until spring.
Some people are recommending that wet corn be not be cooled below freezing because ice crystals will form in the void spaces between the corn with the moisture coming from the corn. I am not aware of this being a problem again based on extensive experience.
Frosting will occur when moist air comes in contact with a surface at a temperature below freezing. It typically occurs when air from warm corn comes in contact with a cold bin roof and roof vent during aeration. It can occur with corn at temperatures below freezing when warmer air comes through the cold corn. This could occur if the corn at the top of the bin was cold and warm air from corn below is moved through the cold corn as the bin is cooled using aeration. Normally this will occur only in a shallow layer of corn at the top of the bin and only for a period of time until that corn has been warmed by the warm aeration air coming from the warm corn. The amount of frost accumulation expected in the corn increases as the corn gets colder and layer of corn gets thicker. Since corn is a good insulator, the cold layer is normally expected to be fairly thin and the warm aeration air removes the frost.
If the corn is warmer than the bin steel, condensation in the form of frost will occur on the bin roof and bin vents. The rapid drop in outdoor temperature makes this very likely. Cooling the corn in small steps reduces this potential. The general goal is to cool the corn to just below freezing, so operate the fans only when outdoor air temperature is above 20 degrees. Corn at 22 percent moisture has an estimated allowable storage life of about 60 days at 40 degrees and 30 days at 50 degrees. Cool corn at recommended moisture contents can wait for cooling until appropriate temperatures exist. Ideally the aeration air temperature would be 10 to 15 degrees cooler than the corn. If it is extremely cold, it is best to not run the fan and wait for an appropriate air temperature.
Corn harvested at temperatures below freezing can be placed into storage, but should not be placed on top of warmer corn. The maximum recommended moisture content is about 23 percent to reduce the potential for kernels freezing together. If corn at 25% moisture is placed into a bin with kernel temperatures below freezing, it should flow out of the bin as long as the kernels do not warm above freezing. At 25% moisture there may be enough surface moisture to cause the kernels to stick (freeze) together if they are warmed and then cooled below freezing.
The allowable storage time of 15% corn at 70 degrees is about 125 days, so there is time to select the appropriate temperature to aerate the grain. As described earlier, there will be extensive frosting on the bin roof if the aeration fan is operated when outside temperature is below freezing and there will be extensive condensation if there is a large temperature difference between the corn and outside temperature with the outside temperature above freezing. As much as possible, select a time to aerate the corn when outside temperature is 40 to 50 degrees to cool the corn. This may be accomplished by waiting for warmer weather and running the fan during the daytime. If warmer weather is not expected, then run the fan when outside air temperature is near or just above freezing. Leave the fill and access doors open to minimize the potential for bin vents freezing over and the fan pressure damaging the bin roof. Be aware that frost or condensation will likely occur and may be extensive. Monitor the bin and corn closely and manage moisture accumulation.
The corn in the bottom is warm and at the top is cold. This has been described earlier as a situation that can cause condensation and frosting within the cold corn. The condensation will continue until the warm grain on the bottom has been cooled. In the laboratory, the amount of condensation and frost build-up was minimal when warm (70 degree) humid air was used to aerate grain at a temperature of 10 degrees. No visible frost was observed and the wheat moisture content increase was only about 0.5%. This experiment was repeated with corn with no frost observed and negible moisture change using warm dry air. I have heard of frost accumulating in the corn near the top of the bin when running the fan when it is moving very cold air through the corn. Condensation and/or frosting are expected in the corn if cooling warm corn with air that is colder than 32 degrees. It is not clear if this will cause problems. It is preferred to cool the corn in steps with air above freezing for the first cycle, if possible, and to monitor the condition of the corn.
If the corn is cold, then it should not need to be aerated. Monitor the corn temperature to assure the grain stays cool in storage, but unless the corn temperature increases aeration is not required.
Natural air and low temperature drying are not effective at temperatures near or below freezing, so this type of drying cannot be used until outside air temperatures average about 40 degrees - maybe a daily high of about 50 and low of about 30 degrees. The maximum recommended corn moisture content for natural air drying is 21% if the airflow rate is 1.0 cubic foot per minute per bushel. Increasing the airflow rate to 1.25 cfm/bu permits drying 22% moisture corn when air temperatures average between 40 to 50 degrees. An airflow rate of 2.0 cfm/bu is required to dry 24% moisture corn which is typically achieved by filling the bin to only one-half full. The allowable storage time for 24% moisture corn is only about 40 days at 40 degrees and is 15 days at 50 degrees. I discourage trying to dry corn using natural air and low temperature drying at moisture contents exceeding 21. Corn at 24% moisture generally should be removed and dried in a high temperature dryer before temperatures average above freezing.
The drastic outdoor cooling that has occurred may create some grain storage and drying problems. Dr. Ken Hellevang, Extension Engineer at North Dakota State University, answers several questions that he received in the paragraphs below. The questions are italicized and his answers immediately follow.
"With the sudden change in air temps, what is the best management strategy for running aeration fans on bins to cool grain without freezing the bin?"
The kernels will not freeze together if the corn moisture content is below 24%. There is extensive experience with cooling corn to well below freezing and the corn still being able to flow normally. The acceptable moisture content decreases with more foreign material in the corn. I recommend that corn moisture be less than 24% to hold it until outdoor temperatures are above freezing and at or below 21% to hold corn until spring.
Some people are recommending that wet corn be not be cooled below freezing because ice crystals will form in the void spaces between the corn with the moisture coming from the corn. I am not aware of this being a problem again based on extensive experience.
Frosting will occur when moist air comes in contact with a surface at a temperature below freezing. It typically occurs when air from warm corn comes in contact with a cold bin roof and roof vent during aeration. It can occur with corn at temperatures below freezing when warmer air comes through the cold corn. This could occur if the corn at the top of the bin was cold and warm air from corn below is moved through the cold corn as the bin is cooled using aeration. Normally this will occur only in a shallow layer of corn at the top of the bin and only for a period of time until that corn has been warmed by the warm aeration air coming from the warm corn. The amount of frost accumulation expected in the corn increases as the corn gets colder and layer of corn gets thicker. Since corn is a good insulator, the cold layer is normally expected to be fairly thin and the warm aeration air removes the frost.
If the corn is warmer than the bin steel, condensation in the form of frost will occur on the bin roof and bin vents. The rapid drop in outdoor temperature makes this very likely. Cooling the corn in small steps reduces this potential. The general goal is to cool the corn to just below freezing, so operate the fans only when outdoor air temperature is above 20 degrees. Corn at 22 percent moisture has an estimated allowable storage life of about 60 days at 40 degrees and 30 days at 50 degrees. Cool corn at recommended moisture contents can wait for cooling until appropriate temperatures exist. Ideally the aeration air temperature would be 10 to 15 degrees cooler than the corn. If it is extremely cold, it is best to not run the fan and wait for an appropriate air temperature.
"Should I place cold grain on warm grain?"
Placing warm grain on cold grain will increase the potential for condensation and frosting in the cold grain. The grain in the bin should be cooled before cold grain is placed on top. Review the explanation of the conditions that may lead to frosting within the corn. Placing cold grain on top of warm grain creates the conditions expected to cause frosting problems. The amount of frost is not normally enough to restrict or block airflow. The frozen mass could increase the force required to break the ice, so normal stirring devices may not be adequate. It may require using another method of breaking the corn apart to permit unloading.
Placing warm grain on cold grain will increase the potential for condensation and frosting in the cold grain. The grain in the bin should be cooled before cold grain is placed on top. Review the explanation of the conditions that may lead to frosting within the corn. Placing cold grain on top of warm grain creates the conditions expected to cause frosting problems. The amount of frost is not normally enough to restrict or block airflow. The frozen mass could increase the force required to break the ice, so normal stirring devices may not be adequate. It may require using another method of breaking the corn apart to permit unloading.
"Does grain harvested at air temps below freezing create special concerns?"
Corn harvested at temperatures below freezing can be placed into storage, but should not be placed on top of warmer corn. The maximum recommended moisture content is about 23 percent to reduce the potential for kernels freezing together. If corn at 25% moisture is placed into a bin with kernel temperatures below freezing, it should flow out of the bin as long as the kernels do not warm above freezing. At 25% moisture there may be enough surface moisture to cause the kernels to stick (freeze) together if they are warmed and then cooled below freezing.
"How should I manage the following three scenarios?"
1. Grain harvested at 15% moisture with air temps at 60 to 70 degrees F, filled bin day before cold air moved in: When is the best time to run the fan and how long can I wait to start cooling the bin?
The allowable storage time of 15% corn at 70 degrees is about 125 days, so there is time to select the appropriate temperature to aerate the grain. As described earlier, there will be extensive frosting on the bin roof if the aeration fan is operated when outside temperature is below freezing and there will be extensive condensation if there is a large temperature difference between the corn and outside temperature with the outside temperature above freezing. As much as possible, select a time to aerate the corn when outside temperature is 40 to 50 degrees to cool the corn. This may be accomplished by waiting for warmer weather and running the fan during the daytime. If warmer weather is not expected, then run the fan when outside air temperature is near or just above freezing. Leave the fill and access doors open to minimize the potential for bin vents freezing over and the fan pressure damaging the bin roof. Be aware that frost or condensation will likely occur and may be extensive. Monitor the bin and corn closely and manage moisture accumulation.
2. Scenario details for two grain bins, 10,000 bu and 15,000 bu:
- Both filled 1/2 to 2/3 full with corn harvested with warm temps.
- Ran fans continuously while harvesting.
- Turned fans off when temps dropped below freezing.
- Finished filling both bins with corn harvested during cold snap
- Have two temp zones.
What is the best time for running fans to balance temp without creating condensation problems? Corn moisture is 16.5% or less.
The corn in the bottom is warm and at the top is cold. This has been described earlier as a situation that can cause condensation and frosting within the cold corn. The condensation will continue until the warm grain on the bottom has been cooled. In the laboratory, the amount of condensation and frost build-up was minimal when warm (70 degree) humid air was used to aerate grain at a temperature of 10 degrees. No visible frost was observed and the wheat moisture content increase was only about 0.5%. This experiment was repeated with corn with no frost observed and negible moisture change using warm dry air. I have heard of frost accumulating in the corn near the top of the bin when running the fan when it is moving very cold air through the corn. Condensation and/or frosting are expected in the corn if cooling warm corn with air that is colder than 32 degrees. It is not clear if this will cause problems. It is preferred to cool the corn in steps with air above freezing for the first cycle, if possible, and to monitor the condition of the corn.
Began filling last bin with cold corn harvested during this cold spell. Do I need to run the fan much, if at all, since this corn is going into bin when harvested at air temps below freezing?
If the corn is cold, then it should not need to be aerated. Monitor the corn temperature to assure the grain stays cool in storage, but unless the corn temperature increases aeration is not required.
3. I have a question from a farmer who filled his bin half full of corn at 24% moisture about 2 weeks ago. It is only a natural air dryer, so this is too wet for the bin. He was running the fans, but shut them down in this cold weather. He is looking for advice. He's had this bin for 35 years, but the wet and very cold temps add a new challenge.
Natural air and low temperature drying are not effective at temperatures near or below freezing, so this type of drying cannot be used until outside air temperatures average about 40 degrees - maybe a daily high of about 50 and low of about 30 degrees. The maximum recommended corn moisture content for natural air drying is 21% if the airflow rate is 1.0 cubic foot per minute per bushel. Increasing the airflow rate to 1.25 cfm/bu permits drying 22% moisture corn when air temperatures average between 40 to 50 degrees. An airflow rate of 2.0 cfm/bu is required to dry 24% moisture corn which is typically achieved by filling the bin to only one-half full. The allowable storage time for 24% moisture corn is only about 40 days at 40 degrees and is 15 days at 50 degrees. I discourage trying to dry corn using natural air and low temperature drying at moisture contents exceeding 21. Corn at 24% moisture generally should be removed and dried in a high temperature dryer before temperatures average above freezing.
He still has 50 acres to combine and wants some advice. His thoughts:
- Empty the bin and dry and corn, before putting more corn in
- Cool and "freeze" this corn
- Combine rest of corn - add it to the bin; dry it before adding it to the bin; don't add because corn below it not in right condition for storage
For more information
- Managing stored grain with aeration
- Grain drying and storage - NDSU website
- Grain handling and storage - Iowa State Integrated Crop Management
This article was first published in December 2019.
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